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Some of these survey results directly guide those efforts.To address the characteristics of our data, be sure to check out where we summarize results by country or gender, highlight results for underrepresented racial/ethnic groups, or use survey weighting to correct for demographic skew.Look for this icon, which highlights differences between developer demographics.We looked at breakdowns by demographics throughout our analysis, and in most cases it did not have a significant effect. We are committed to building on steps we’ve taken in 2018 and improving in this area this year and beyond. We have further work to do to make Stack Overflow the welcoming, inclusive, and diverse platform we want it to be, and this is reflected in our survey sample. This year marks the ninth year we’ve published our annual Developer Survey results, and nearly 90,000 developers took the 20-minute survey earlier this year.Despite our survey’s broad reach and capacity for informing valuable conclusions, we acknowledge that our results don’t represent everyone in the developer community evenly. Each year, we field a survey covering everything from developers’ favorite technologies to their job preferences. Learn moreStack Overflow’s annual Developer Survey is the largest and most comprehensive survey of people who code around the world.
Python, the fastest-growing major programming language, has risen in the ranks of programming languages in our survey yet again, edging out Java this year and standing as the second most loved language (behind Rust). We look forward to seeing what you find! Also be sure to check out a few new topics this year ranging from hours worked per week to the best music to listen to while coding!Want to dive into the results yourself? The anonymized results of the survey are available for download under the Open Database License (ODbL).
Developers in Western European countries like France and Germany are among the least optimistic about the future. Of the top countries on our survey, China has developers that are the most optimistic, believing that people born today will have a better life than their parents. DevOps specialists and site reliability engineers are among the highest paid, most experienced developers most satisfied with their jobs, and are looking for new jobs at the lowest levels.
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For example, in our survey this year, 11% of US respondents identify as women, but data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that women's participation in the software developer workforce is about twice that, more like 20%. Pairs that are highly correlated include database administrator and system administrator, DevOps specialist and site reliability engineer, academic researcher and scientist, and designer and front-end developer.Survey weighting is an approach used to analyze survey data when the survey sample doesn't match the underlying population well. The median number of developer type identifications per respondent this year is 3, and the most common pairs are combinations of back-end, front-end, and full-stack developer. The data indicates that Stack Overflow saves a developer 30 to 90 minutes of time per week!About 50% of respondents identify as full-stack developers, and about 17% consider themselves mobile developers. We asked respondents to think about the last time they solved coding problems with and without our site. Men are more likely to say that being tasked with non-development work is a problem for them, while gender minority respondents are more likely to say that toxic work environments are a problem.
Contributing to Open SourceWe asked our respondents about their gender identity, and found that about globally 90% of our respondents are men. We can demonstrate the effect of our survey sample on our results, both in direction and magnitude. The reason we're using this specific example of weighting here is that it is one where we know we have systemic sampling issues and we have an estimate about the expected population proportion. When we use weighting, we see small increases in the representation of developer roles that have the most representation from women, like designers, and decreases in others with low representation from women, like DevOps.We know there are more ways in which our survey sample doesn't match the underlying population of developers than only gender (including frequency of use of Stack Overflow), and the United States is not the only country for which we expect such a mismatch. We know that there is a difference in developer type representation by gender, so let's compare the overall proportions in our raw results for the United States with weighted proportions, assuming that we undersampled gender minorities at the rate indicated by the BLS report.
Developer Role and GenderThe dashed line shows the average ratio of men's to women's participationWe see varying representation from men and women in different developer roles on our survey. The gender identification question allowed respondents to select all that apply, and the question about transgender identity was separate from the question about gender identity. This represents incremental improvement in this area, but the continued low proportion points to problems with inclusion in the tech industry in general and on Stack Overflow in particular.This year, 1.2% of respondents identified as transgender, about double from last year.
Experience and GenderEngineering managers, SREs, DevOps specialists, and data scientists/engineers command the highest salaries. Women have the highest representation as front-end developers, designers, data scientists, data analysts, QA or test developers, scientists, and educators. Developers who are data scientists or academic researchers are about 10 times more likely to be men than women, while developers who are system admins or DevOps specialists are 25-30 times more likely to be men than women. Developer types above the line have respondents that are more likely than average to be men, and those below the line have respondents who are more likely than average to be women.
Developers using languages below the line, like PHP, Assembly, and VBA, however, are paid less even given years of experience. Salary and Experience by LanguageDevelopers using languages that appear above the line in this chart, such as Clojure, Scala, Go, Rust, and R, are being paid more even given how much experience they have. Developers who work with data (data scientists and engineers) and those who work in DevOps and site reliability are high earners for their level of experience, while academic researchers and educators are paid less at their experience levels. However, some types of coding work are paid more highly at the same level of experience. Salary and Experience by Developer TypeNaturally, developers with more years of experience are paid more. See our Methodology section for information on how we converted local currencies used by respondents to U.S.
When comparing United States weighted to unweighted results, we see more representation from those who have never participated on Stack Overflow. Over 30% of survey respondents participate on Stack Overflow a few times per month or more often. Hours Worked Per WeekSome developers come to Stack Overflow only to find answers to their questions, while others participate in the community by asking, answering, voting for, or commenting on questions.
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